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Lesson 15 
by Paolo Rossetti

Level  : Advanced
Topic  : Song
Grammar: 'until'

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Vocabulary

WAR, by Bob Marley
Until the philosophy which holds one race 
superior and another inferior 
is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned -
Everywhere is war, me say war 

That until there are no longer first class 
and second class citizens of any nation, 
until the colour of a man's skin 
is of no more significance than the colour of his eyes - 
Me say war 

That until the basic human rights are equally 
guaranteed to all, without regard to race -
This a war 

That until that day 
the dream of lasting peace, world citizenship 
rule of international morality 
will remain in but a fleeting illusion 
to be pursued, but never attained - 
Now everywhere is war, war 

And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes 
That hold our brothers in Angola, in Mozambique, 
South Africa in sub-human bondage 
have been toppled, utterly destroyed -
Well, everywhere is war, me say war 

War in the east, war in the west 
War up north, war down south 
War, war, rumours of war 

And until that day, the African continent 
will not know peace, we Africans will fight 

We find it necessary and we know we shall win 
as we are confident in the victory 

of good over evil, good over evil, good over evil, 
good over evil, good over evil, good over evil 
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EXERCISE 15.1 - Vocabulary

Please match the words on the left with the meanings on the right.

 1. philosophy           a. not concerning; not connected with
 2. a race               b. overthrow a government, usually by revolution
 3. permanently          c. meaning
 4. to be discredited    d. a military government not supported by its citizens
 5. to be abandoned      e. classification of humans according to
                            physical characterists which denote the
                            origin eg. African, Asian, Caucasian, etc.
 6. significance         f. not receiving admiration for lack of good qualities
 7. without regard to    g. forever
 8. morality             h. obtain; receive, usually after much effort
 9. an illusion          i. left behind alone; deserted; forsaken
10. to attain            j. unconfirmed story 
11. to be ignoble        k. completely; 100%
12. a regime             l. way of thinking
13. utterly              m. measure of good or bad human ideas and thoughts
14. to topple            n. bad, very bad
15. a rumour             o. unreal; a vision
16. to be evil           p. criticized; not supported

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EXERCISE 15.2 - Grammar

        until = till = 'til

        ---

'until' can be used with several verb tenses, but not the future:

        I'll wait until the plane lands in two hours.

        NOT: I'll wait until the plane WILL land in two hours...

        You must stay in class until you've finished the essay.

        NOT: .....until you WILL finish..

Please fill in the blanks with the correct form of (the verb).

1. He drank until he (get sick)
2. I won't be able to meet you until I (finish) the report.
3. We'll stay at the beach until the sun (set)
4. Until the government (approve) our export documents, we cannot 
   proceed with the shipment.
5. I had no reaosn to live until I (meet) you.

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EXERCISE 15.3 - Reading Comprehension

Please read the text and choose the correct answers.

1.  What is the purpose of this text?
        (to inform about dangers of war; 
         to promote an African revolution;
         to protest human rights abuse)

2.  Who are the victims?
        (people discriminated against;
         innocent villagers; the unhappy regimes)

3.  What will stop the war?
        (international pressure on undemocratic governments;
         guaranteed human rights for all; a fleeting illusion)

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